Law_NN1 :_: Why_RRQ we_PPIS2 must_VM tame_VVI the_AT state_NN1 Leviathan_NP1 :_: Greater_JJR use_NN1 of_IO judicial_JJ review_NN1 would_VM help_VVI people_NN fight_VVI bad_JJ decisions_NN2 by_II public_JJ bodies_NN2 ,_, Anthony_NP1 Lester_NP1 says_VVZ By_II ANTHONY_NP1 LESTER_NP1 WHEN_CS I_PPIS1 began_VVD practice_NN1 at_II the_AT Bar_NN1 25_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA ,_, phrases_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 '_GE judicial_JJ review_NN1 of_IO administrative_JJ action_NN1 '_GE ,_, '_GE public_JJ law_NN1 '_GE ,_, or_CC '_GE fundamental_JJ human_JJ rights_NN2 and_CC freedoms_NN2 '_GE sounded_JJ strange_JJ to_II English_JJ judges_NN2 and_CC lawyers_NN2 ._. 
They_PPHS2 described_VVD apparently_RR alien_JJ ,_, un-English_JJ ideas_NN2 ,_, taken_VVN from_II Continental_NN1 or_CC United_NP1 States_NP1 systems_NN2 ._. 
Successive_JJ generations_NN2 of_IO politicians_NN2 ,_, civil_JJ servants_NN2 ,_, judges_NN2 and_CC philosophers_NN2 reared_VVN on_II a_AT1 meagre_JJ intellectual_JJ diet_NN1 of_IO pragmatic_JJ utilitarianism_NN1 and_CC positivism_NN1 had_VHD firmly_RR rejected_VVN these_DD2 ideas_NN2 as_II a_AT1 basis_NN1 for_IF ensuring_VVG constitutional_JJ government_NN1 and_CC citizens_NN2 '_GE rights_NN2 ._. 
For_IF them_PPHO2 ,_, written_JJ constitutions_NN2 ,_, Bills_NN2 of_IO Rights_NN2 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 special_JJ system_NN1 of_IO administrative_JJ law_NN1 regulating_VVG relations_NN2 between_II government_NN1 and_CC the_AT governed_JJ were_VBDR exotic_JJ ,_, inedible_JJ fruits_NN2 of_IO the_AT American_JJ and_CC French_JJ Revolutions_NN2 ._. 
According_II21 to_II22 the_AT conventional_JJ British_JJ wisdom_NN1 of_IO the_AT middle_NN1 of_IO the_AT century_NNT1 ,_, our_APPGE flexible_JJ unwritten_JJ constitution_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE democratic_JJ Parliament_NN1 ,_, the_AT sense_NN1 of_IO fair_JJ play_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE permanent_JJ civil_JJ service_NN1 ,_, and_CC our_APPGE vigorous_JJ and_CC vigilant_JJ free_JJ Press_NN1 were_VBDR safer_JJR and_CC more_RGR effective_JJ guarantees_NN2 of_IO personal_JJ freedom_NN1 than_CSN a_AT1 Continental_NN1 or_CC American-style_NN1 '_GE government_NN1 of_IO judges_NN2 '_GE ._. 
A_AT1 quarter_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 century_NNT1 later_RRR ,_, the_AT conventional_JJ wisdom_NN1 of_IO British_JJ mandarins_NN2 looks_VVZ complacent_JJ ,_, self-serving_NN1 ,_, ill-informed_NN1 ,_, and_CC outmoded_JJ especially_RR in_II41 the_II42 light_II43 of_II44 the_AT many_DA2 serious_JJ breaches_NN2 by_II the_AT United_NP1 Kingdom_NP1 of_IO the_AT European_JJ Convention_NN1 on_II Human_JJ Rights_NN2 ._. 
The_AT powers_NN2 of_IO British_JJ central_JJ government_NN1 are_VBR greater_JJR than_CSN those_DD2 enjoyed_VVN by_II any_DD other_JJ democratic_JJ country_NN1 of_IO comparable_JJ size_NN1 ._. 
Between_II elections_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 government_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 sufficient_JJ parliamentary_JJ majority_NN1 obedient_JJ to_II its_APPGE will_NN1 is_VBZ absolute_JJ and_CC omnipotent_NN1 ._. 
Because_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX subject_II21 to_II22 the_AT paramount_JJ law_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 written_JJ constitution_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM make_VVI or_CC unmake_VVI any_DD law_NN1 as_CSA it_PPH1 chooses_VVZ ._. 
It_PPH1 can_VM legislate_VVI arbitrarily_RR to_TO deprive_VVI groups_NN2 of_IO citizens_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE basic_JJ rights_NN2 or_CC freedoms_NN2 ,_, to_TO enlarge_VVI its_APPGE own_DA powers_NN2 at_II the_AT expense_NN1 of_IO local_JJ government_NN1 ,_, to_TO weaken_VVI the_AT ability_NN1 of_IO the_AT media_NN to_TO inform_VVI the_AT public_NN1 ,_, or_CC to_TO sap_VVI judicial_JJ independence_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 can_VM do_VDI all_DB these_DD2 things_NN2 without_IW the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO legal_JJ challenge_NN1 in_II our_APPGE courts_NN2 ._. 
The_AT common_JJ abuses_NN2 of_IO public_JJ power_NN1 are_VBR not_XX abuses_NN2 by_II the_AT sovereign_JJ parliament_NN1 itself_PPX1 ._. 
The_AT more_RGR usual_JJ examples_NN2 arise_VV0 from_II the_AT misuse_NN1 by_II public_JJ officials_NN2 of_IO the_AT powers_NN2 delegated_VVN by_II Parliament_NN1 to_II central_JJ or_CC local_JJ government_NN1 ,_, or_CC to_II the_AT many_DA2 other_JJ bodies_NN2 exercising_VVG administrative_JJ powers_NN2 ._. 
Judicial_JJ review_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT process_NN1 by_II which_DDQ the_AT courts_NN2 decide_VV0 whether_CSW public_JJ bodies_NN2 have_VH0 acted_VVN within_RL or_CC beyond_II those_DD2 powers_NN2 ._. 
When_RRQ judges_NN2 perform_VV0 this_DD1 essential_JJ constitutional_JJ role_NN1 ,_, their_APPGE task_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX to_TO usurp_VVI the_AT administrator_NN1 's_GE functions_NN2 ,_, nor_CC to_TO stultify_VVI good_JJ government_NN1 by_II imposing_VVG legalistic_JJ requirements_NN2 upon_II him_PPHO1 ._. 
The_AT court_NN1 's_GE job_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO ensure_VVI that_CST the_AT administrator_NN1 has_VHZ acted_VVN within_II the_AT rule_NN1 of_IO law_NN1 ,_, and_CC has_VHZ not_XX infringed_VVN civil_JJ rights_NN2 and_CC freedoms_NN2 ._. 
But_CCB there_EX are_VBR significant_JJ handicaps_NN2 facing_VVG the_AT individual_NN1 who_PNQS wishes_VVZ to_TO apply_VVI for_IF judicial_JJ review_NN1 of_IO the_AT lawfulness_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 public_JJ body_NN1 's_GE decision_NN1 ._. 
In_II the_AT first_MD place_NN1 ,_, unlike_JJ normal_JJ litigation_NN1 between_II private_JJ parties_NN2 ,_, the_AT applicant_NN1 has_VHZ to_TO obtain_VVI the_AT court_NN1 's_GE leave_NN1 at_II the_AT outset_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 gives_VVZ the_AT courts_NN2 a_AT1 useful_JJ power_NN1 to_TO separate_VVI the_AT wheat_NN1 from_II the_AT chaff_NN1 among_II the_AT pending_JJ cases_NN2 ._. 
So_RR long_RR as_CSA there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 full_JJ right_NN1 of_IO appeal_NN1 against_II a_AT1 refusal_NN1 of_IO leave_VV0 a_AT1 right_NN1 which_DDQ the_AT present_JJ Government_NN1 sought_VVD ,_, at_II one_MC1 stage_NN1 ,_, to_TO abolish_VVI this_DD1 handicap_NN1 is_VBZ acceptable_JJ ,_, even_CS21 though_CS22 it_PPH1 places_VVZ public_JJ authorities_NN2 in_II a_AT1 more_RGR privileged_JJ position_NN1 than_CSN the_AT ordinary_JJ litigant_NN1 ._. 
A_AT1 less_RGR acceptable_JJ handicap_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT special_JJ rule_NN1 that_CST the_AT application_NN1 for_IF judicial_JJ review_NN1 must_VM normally_RR be_VBI made_VVN within_II only_RR three_MC months_NNT2 from_II the_AT decision_NN1 complained_VVD of_IO ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ in_II the_AT public_JJ interest_NN1 for_IF challenges_NN2 to_II the_AT exercise_NN1 of_IO public_JJ powers_NN2 to_TO be_VBI made_VVN promptly_RR ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT administration_NN1 and_CC citizens_NN2 alike_RR know_VV0 what_DDQ the_AT law_NN1 is_VBZ ._. 
But_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ unjust_JJ that_CST the_AT individual_NN1 's_VBZ right_JJ of_IO access_NN1 to_II the_AT courts_NN2 should_VM be_VBI restricted_VVN solely_RR on_II the_AT ground_NN1 that_CST there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN delay_NN1 in_II making_VVG the_AT application_NN1 ._. 
As_II the_AT Law_NN1 Commission_NN1 recommended_VVN in_II 1976_MC ,_, the_AT test_NN1 should_VM be_VBI whether_CSW the_AT granting_NN1 of_IO relief_NN1 to_II an_AT1 applicant_NN1 who_PNQS has_VHZ delayed_VVN would_VM cause_VVI substantial_JJ prejudice_NN1 or_CC hardship_NN1 to_II any_DD person_NN1 or_CC would_VM be_VBI detrimental_JJ to_II good_JJ administration_NN1 ._. 
What_DDQ is_VBZ wholly_RR unacceptable_JJ is_VBZ the_AT denial_NN1 of_IO justice_NN1 to_II the_AT great_JJ majority_NN1 of_IO citizens_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR not_XX poor_JJ enough_RR to_TO qualify_VVI for_IF legal_JJ aid_NN1 but_CCB not_XX rich_JJ enough_RR to_TO risk_VVI the_AT costs_NN2 of_IO litigating_VVG an_AT1 important_JJ public_JJ law_NN1 issue_NN1 in_II the_AT High_JJ Court_NN1 ,_, the_AT Court_NN1 of_IO Appeal_NN1 ,_, and_CC perhaps_RR the_AT House_NN1 of_IO Lords_NP ._. 
Successive_JJ governments_NN2 have_VH0 refused_VVN to_TO implement_VVI the_AT recommendation_NN1 of_IO the_AT Evershed_JJ Committee_NN1 in_II 1953_MC that_CST the_AT costs_NN2 of_IO going_VVG to_II law_NN1 over_II issues_NN2 of_IO general_JJ public_JJ importance_NN1 should_VM be_VBI paid_VVN out_II21 of_II22 public_JJ funds_NN2 ._. 
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, many_DA2 who_PNQS are_VBR genuinely_RR aggrieved_JJ by_II apparently_RR unlawful_JJ decisions_NN2 by_II government_NN1 bodies_NN2 and_CC public_JJ officials_NN2 are_VBR effectively_RR denied_VVN access_NN1 to_II justice_NN1 ._. 
The_AT number_NN1 of_IO applications_NN2 for_IF judicial_JJ review_NN1 has_VHZ none_RR31 the_RR32 less_RR33 increased_VVN significantly_RR over_II the_AT past_JJ decade_NNT1 ._. 
The_AT process_NN1 is_VBZ now_RT used_VVN in_II all_DB kinds_NN2 of_IO contexts_NN2 :_: immigration_NN1 ,_, prisoners_NN2 '_GE rights_NN2 ,_, homelessness_NN1 ,_, the_AT closure_NN1 of_IO hospitals_NN2 or_CC schools_NN2 ,_, access_NN1 to_II local_JJ government_NN1 information_NN1 and_CC ,_, increasingly_RR ,_, commercial_JJ cases_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 public_JJ law_NN1 dimension_NN1 ._. 
The_AT decisions_NN2 of_IO Margaret_NP1 Thatcher_NP1 's_GE ministers_NN2 are_VBR struck_VVN down_RP by_II the_AT courts_NN2 as_RG often_RR as_CSA were_VBDR those_DD2 of_IO the_AT Wilson_NP1 or_CC Callaghan_NP1 administrations_NN2 ._. 
Ministers_NN2 and_CC senior_JJ civil_JJ servants_NN2 are_VBR not_XX amused_JJ ._. 
Recently_RR ,_, senior_JJ Whitehall_NP1 officials_NN2 considered_VVD whether_CSW it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI feasible_JJ to_TO curb_VVI judicial_JJ review_NN1 ._. 
After_CS discreet_JJ soundings_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 prudently_RR abandoned_VVD the_AT idea_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ would_VM have_VHI involved_VVN a_AT1 major_JJ encroachment_NN1 upon_II judicial_JJ independence_NN1 ._. 
The_AT danger_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX that_CST the_AT courts_NN2 will_VM intervene_VVI too_RG much_DA1 ,_, but_CCB too_RG little_DA1 ._. 
With_IW a_AT1 burgeoning_JJ caseload_NN1 ,_, too_RG few_DA2 judges_NN2 ,_, and_CC increasing_JJ delays_NN2 the_AT courts_NN2 may_VM be_VBI tempted_VVN to_TO block_VVI the_AT further_JJR development_NN1 of_IO the_AT law_NN1 and_CC to_TO cut_VVI back_RP on_II the_AT advances_NN2 already_RR made_VVN ._. 
The_AT recent_JJ High_JJ Court_NN1 decision_NN1 in_II the_AT Rose_NN1 Theatre_NN1 case_NN1 indicates_VVZ a_AT1 restrictive_JJ approach_NN1 to_II what_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 '_GE sufficient_JJ interest_NN1 '_GE to_TO permit_VVI an_AT1 application_NN1 for_IF judicial_JJ review_NN1 ._. 
If_CS that_DD1 approach_NN1 prevails_VVZ in_II the_AT higher_JJR courts_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 will_VM amount_NN1 to_II a_AT1 major_JJ reverse_NN1 ,_, making_VVG it_PPH1 more_RGR difficult_JJ for_IF the_AT ordinary_JJ citizen_NN1 to_TO complain_VVI of_IO unlawful_JJ action_NN1 by_II a_AT1 public_JJ authority_NN1 ._. 
In_II the_AT Lonrho_NN1 case_NN1 ,_, the_AT Law_NN1 Lords_NN2 in_II effect_NN1 decided_VVD that_CST the_AT Secretary_NN1 of_IO State_NN1 had_VHD no_AT duty_NN1 to_TO give_VVI reasons_NN2 for_IF his_APPGE decision_NN1 not_XX to_TO refer_VVI the_AT takeover_NN1 of_IO Harrods_NP2 by_II the_AT Al-Fayeds_NP1 to_II the_AT Monopolies_NN2 and_CC Mergers_NN2 Commission_NN1 ._. 
The_AT law_NN1 requires_VVZ public_JJ authorities_NN2 to_TO be_VBI rational_JJ in_II making_VVG decisions_NN2 ._. 
In_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO reasons_NN2 ,_, the_AT citizen_NN1 can_VM not_XX know_VVI whether_CSW a_AT1 decision_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN rationally_RR ,_, and_CC hence_RR lawfully_RR made_VVN ._. 
Every_AT1 independent_JJ committee_NN1 of_IO experts_NN2 which_DDQ has_VHZ considered_VVN the_AT subject_NN1 has_VHZ recognised_VVN the_AT need_NN1 to_TO require_VVI public_JJ authorities_NN2 to_TO give_VVI reasons_NN2 (_( the_AT current_JJ position_NN1 in_II Australia_NP1 ,_, Israel_NP1 and_CC the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 under_RG European_JJ Community_NN1 law_NN1 )_) ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ regrettable_JJ that_CST the_AT House_NN1 of_IO Lords_NP has_VHZ not_XX taken_VVN a_AT1 similarly_RR progressive_JJ approach_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX to_TO undervalue_VVI the_AT change_NN1 in_II judicial_JJ thinking_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ come_VVN about_RP in_II the_AT last_MD 30_MC years_NNT2 ._. 
From_II the_AT First_MD World_NN1 War_NN1 until_CS the_AT mid-Sixties_MC2 ,_, administrative_JJ or_CC '_GE public_NN1 '_GE law_NN1 scarcely_RR existed_VVD beyond_II the_AT pioneering_JJ textbooks_NN2 of_IO Stanley_NP1 de_NP1 Smith_NP1 and_CC Sir_NNB William_NP1 Wade_NP1 QC_NNA ._. 
For_IF 50_MC years_NNT2 ,_, English_JJ judges_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN unwilling_JJ to_TO nullify_VVI government_NN1 decisions_NN2 ._. 
In_II31 spite_II32 of_II33 the_AT inexorable_JJ increase_NN1 in_II the_AT powers_NN2 of_IO the_AT modern_JJ state_NN1 ,_, the_AT judiciary_NN1 had_VHD remained_VVN subservient_NN1 :_: as_RG executive-minded_JJ as_CSA the_AT executive_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 had_VHD been_VBN a_AT1 dark_JJ age_NN1 for_IF administrative_JJ justice_NN1 ._. 
Ministers_NN2 and_CC civil_JJ servants_NN2 were_VBDR naturally_RR content_JJ to_TO let_VVI the_AT judges_NN2 remain_VVI asleep_JJ ._. 
Fortunately_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 woke_VVD up_RP ._. 
Under_II the_AT leadership_NN1 of_IO Lord_NNB Denning_NP1 and_CC Lord_NNB Reid_NP1 ,_, old_JJ common_JJ law_NN1 principles_NN2 of_IO natural_JJ justice_NN1 were_VBDR given_VVN new_JJ content_NN1 and_CC value_NN1 ._. 
The_AT judgments_NN2 in_II notorious_JJ cases_NN2 which_DDQ had_VHD decided_VVN that_CST there_EX could_VM be_VBI unfettered_JJ administrative_JJ discretion_NN1 were_VBDR repudiated_VVN ._. 
Archaic_JJ restrictions_NN2 on_II legal_JJ remedies_NN2 were_VBDR eliminated_VVN ._. 
Understandably_RR ,_, the_AT courts_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR willing_JJ to_TO review_VVI a_AT1 decision_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ it_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN reached_VVN than_CSN because_II21 of_II22 its_APPGE actual_JJ merits_NN2 ,_, or_CC lack_NN1 of_IO them_PPHO2 ._. 
To_TO hold_VVI that_CST a_AT1 procedure_NN1 is_VBZ unfair_JJ involves_VVZ a_AT1 less_RGR apparent_JJ interference_NN1 with_IW the_AT administration_NN1 than_CSN to_TO hold_VVI that_CST the_AT actual_JJ decision_NN1 was_VBDZ unreasonable_JJ ._. 
But_CCB our_APPGE system_NN1 is_VBZ defective_JJ because_CS it_PPH1 lacks_VVZ coherent_JJ principles_NN2 for_IF reviewing_VVG the_AT substance_NN1 of_IO decisions_NN2 ._. 
A_AT1 decision_NN1 will_VM not_XX be_VBI held_VVN to_TO be_VBI unlawful_JJ because_CS it_PPH1 is_58 '_GE unreasonable_JJ '_GE in_II the_AT ordinary_JJ ,_, non-legal_JJ sense_NN1 ._. 
Whether_CSW a_AT1 decision_NN1 is_VBZ so_RG unreasonable_JJ as_CSA to_TO be_VBI unlawful_JJ depends_VVZ ,_, in_II Lord_NNB Diplock_NP1 's_GE words_NN2 ,_, on_II whether_CSW it_PPH1 is_58 '_GE so_RG outrageous_JJ in_II its_APPGE defiance_NN1 of_IO logic_NN1 or_CC of_IO accepted_JJ moral_JJ standards_NN2 that_CST no_AT sensible_JJ person_NN1 who_PNQS has_VHZ applied_VVN his_APPGE mind_NN1 to_II the_AT question_NN1 to_TO be_VBI decided_VVN could_VM have_VHI arrived_VVN at_II it_PPH1 '_VBZ ._. 
A_AT1 test_NN1 which_DDQ requires_VVZ the_AT judge_NN1 to_TO ask_VVI if_CSW the_AT decision-maker_NN1 has_VHZ taken_VVN leave_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE senses_NN2 is_VBZ too_RG strict_JJ and_CC is_VBZ scarcely_RR judicial_JJ ._. 
The_AT European_JJ Court_NN1 of_IO Human_JJ Rights_NN2 and_CC the_AT European_JJ Court_NN1 of_IO Justice_NN1 (_( and_CC the_AT Supreme_JJ Courts_NN2 of_IO Canada_NP1 ,_, India_NP1 and_CC the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 )_) apply_VV0 more_RGR sophisticated_JJ and_CC properly_RR judicial_JJ standards_NN2 when_CS reviewing_VVG the_AT merits_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 decision_NN1 ._. 
They_PPHS2 consider_VV0 whether_CSW the_AT aims_NN2 of_IO the_AT decision-maker_NN1 conflict_NN1 with_IW basic_JJ rights_NN2 and_CC freedoms_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT right_NN1 to_II equality_NN1 ,_, to_II liberty_NN1 or_CC to_II freedom_NN1 of_IO speech_NN1 ._. 
They_PPHS2 also_RR consider_VV0 whether_CSW the_AT means_NN used_VVN are_VBR reasonably_RR proportionate_JJ to_II the_AT aims_NN2 pursued_VVD :_: in_II European_JJ parlance_NN1 ,_, '_GE the_AT principle_NN1 of_IO proportionality_NN1 '_GE ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ this_DD1 gap_NN1 between_RL '_GE reasonableness_NN1 '_GE ,_, in_II the_AT English_JJ legal_JJ sense_NN1 ,_, and_CC '_GE proportionality_NN1 '_GE in_II the_AT European_JJ sense_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ leaves_VVZ the_AT United_NP1 Kingdom_NP1 particularly_RR vulnerable_JJ before_II the_AT European_JJ Court_NN1 of_IO Human_JJ Rights_NN2 ._. 
Again_RT and_CC again_RT ,_, the_AT European_JJ Court_NN1 has_VHZ noted_VVN the_AT narrowness_NN1 of_IO the_AT English_JJ test_NN1 for_IF reviewing_VVG the_AT merits_NN2 of_IO official_JJ decisions_NN2 ,_, and_CC has_VHZ gone_VVN on_RP to_TO find_VVI a_AT1 breach_NN1 of_IO the_AT convention_NN1 by_II the_AT UK_NP1 ._. 
Two_MC appeals_NN2 are_VBR pending_JJ against_II the_AT High_JJ Court_NN1 's_GE failure_NN1 to_TO adopt_VVI proportionality_NN1 as_II the_AT appropriate_JJ standard_NN1 for_IF review_NN1 ._. 
In_II one_MC1 case_NN1 ,_, Dr_NNB Colman_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 registered_JJ medical_JJ practitioner_NN1 was_VBDZ prevented_VVN by_II the_AT Code_NN1 of_IO Conduct_NN1 of_IO the_AT General_JJ Medical_JJ Council_NN1 ,_, from_II advertising_VVG the_AT nature_NN1 and_CC availability_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE practice_NN1 in_II local_JJ newspapers_NN2 ._. 
Dr_NNB Colman_NP1 argues_VVZ that_CST a_AT1 blanket_NN1 ban_NN1 on_II all_DB advertising_NN1 is_VBZ disproportionate_JJ to_II the_AT council_NN1 's_GE legitimate_JJ aims_NN2 ._. 
The_AT court_NN1 said_VVD that_CST to_TO import_VVI proportionality_NN1 would_VM '_GE create_VV0 a_AT1 monster_NN1 that_CST could_VM quickly_RR get_VVI out_II21 of_II22 control_NN1 and_CC cause_VV0 widespread_JJ disruption_NN1 of_IO the_AT many_DA2 administrative_JJ processes_NN2 that_CST might_VM attract_VVI its_APPGE application_NN1 '_GE ._. 
In_II the_AT second_MD case_NN1 ,_, journalists_NN2 are_VBR challenging_VVG the_AT Government_NN1 's_GE ban_NN1 on_II the_AT broadcasting_NN1 of_IO words_NN2 spoken_VVN by_II Sinn_NN121 Fein_NN122 supporters_NN2 ._. 
They_PPHS2 argue_VV0 that_CST the_AT ban_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 disproportionate_JJ response_NN1 to_II the_AT mischief_NN1 which_DDQ the_AT Home_NN1 Secretary_NN1 seeks_VVZ to_TO control_VVI ,_, and_CC is_VBZ in_II breach_NN1 of_IO the_AT right_NN1 to_TO free_VVI expression_NN1 guaranteed_VVN by_II the_AT European_JJ Human_JJ Rights_NN2 Convention_NN1 ._. 
Once_RR21 again_RR22 ,_, the_AT Divisional_JJ Court_NN1 refused_VVD to_TO apply_VVI the_AT criteria_NN2 used_VVN by_II the_AT European_JJ Court_NN1 of_IO Human_JJ Rights_NN2 ._. 
Whatever_DDQV the_AT outcome_NN1 of_IO those_DD2 particular_JJ appeals_NN2 (_( in_II which_DDQ I_PPIS1 should_VM declare_VVI my_APPGE professional_JJ interest_NN1 as_CSA representative_NN1 of_IO both_RR Dr_NNB Colman_NP1 and_CC the_AT journalists_NN2 )_) it_PPH1 seems_VVZ inevitable_JJ that_CST English_JJ courts_NN2 ,_, indirectly_RR influenced_VVN by_II Europe_NP1 ,_, will_VM eventually_RR develop_VVI coherent_JJ constitutional_JJ and_CC legal_JJ principles_NN2 to_TO review_VVI the_AT substance_NN1 of_IO administrative_JJ decisions_NN2 ._. 
The_AT principle_NN1 of_IO proportionality_NN1 do_VD0 not_XX use_VVI a_AT1 sledgehammer_NN1 to_TO crack_VVI a_AT1 nut_NN1 is_VBZ straightforward_JJ logic_NN1 ._. 
And_CC in_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 modern_JJ British_JJ Bill_NN1 of_IO Rights_NN2 ,_, the_AT European_JJ Convention_NN1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 convenient_JJ source_NN1 of_IO Lord_NNB Diplock_NP1 's_GE '_GE accepted_JJ moral_JJ standards_NN2 '_GE where_CS fundamental_JJ rights_NN2 and_CC freedoms_NN2 are_VBR at_II stake_NN1 ._. 
In_II this_DD1 way_NN1 we_PPIS2 will_VM move_VVI towards_II a_AT1 fully_RR developed_JJ system_NN1 of_IO public_JJ law_NN1 which_DDQ will_VM better_RRR serve_VVI the_AT interests_NN2 of_IO the_AT state_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 of_IO the_AT citizen_NN1 ._. 
Law_NN1 :_: The_AT other_JJ side_NN1 of_IO the_AT crime_NN1 :_: Pat_NP1 Healy_NP1 on_II 10_MC years_NNT2 of_IO progress_NN1 by_II Victim_NN1 Support_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 national_JJ charity_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ helped_VVN 1.5_MC million_NNO people_NN By_II PAT_NP1 HEALY_NP1 VICTIM_NN1 SUPPORT_NN1 has_VHZ come_VVN a_AT1 long_JJ way_NN1 from_II the_AT six-month_JJ experiment_NN1 set_VVD up_RP 10_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA by_II a_AT1 group_NN1 of_IO concerned_JJ professionals_NN2 in_II Bristol_NP1 ._. 
Now_RT it_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 national_JJ charity_NN1 employing_VVG 20_MC people_NN centrally_RR and_CC administering_VVG the_AT work_NN1 of_IO 400_MC co-ordinators_NN2 employed_VVN around_II the_AT country_NN1 ._. 
Since_CS the_AT national_JJ association_NN1 was_VBDZ formed_VVN ,_, 1.5_MC million_NNO people_NN have_VH0 been_VBN referred_VVN to_II Victim_NN1 Support_NN1 ._. 
Yesterday_RT the_AT Princess_NN1 Royal_JJ addressed_VVD its_APPGE tenth_MD birthday_NN1 meeting_NN1 ,_, attended_VVN by_II representatives_NN2 of_IO the_AT Home_NN1 Office_NN1 ,_, the_AT police_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT probation_NN1 service_NN1 ._. 
The_AT organisation_NN1 took_VVD root_NN1 because_CS the_AT originators_NN2 of_IO the_AT experiment_NN1 were_VBDR shocked_JJ at_II how_RGQ little_DA1 the_AT victims_NN2 of_IO crimes_NN2 knew_VVD about_II getting_VVG assistance_NN1 ,_, says_VVZ Helen_NP1 Reeves_NP1 ,_, director_NN1 of_IO Victim_NN1 Support_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 included_VVD compensation_NN1 ,_, legal_JJ advice_NN1 ,_, financial_JJ and_CC housing_VVG help_NN1 ,_, or_CC even_RR simply_RR somebody_PN1 to_TO talk_VVI to_II ._. 
That_DD1 is_VBZ still_RR the_AT case_NN1 ,_, says_VVZ Ms_NNB Reeves_NP1 ._. 
'_GE Ten_MC years_NNT2 on_RP ,_, I_PPIS1 am_VBM quite_RG sure_JJ that_CST the_AT biggest_JJT issue_NN1 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 uncovered_VVN is_VBZ the_AT issue_NN1 of_IO neglect_NN1 ,_, '_GE Ms_NNB Reeves_NP1 says_VVZ ._. 
'_GE Crime_NN1 is_VBZ bad_JJ enough_RR ._. 
But_CCB when_CS you_PPY have_VH0 to_TO face_VVI up_II21 to_II22 the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST no_PN121 one_PN122 wants_VVZ to_TO know_VVI and_CC people_NN are_VBR more_RGR interested_JJ in_II the_AT apprehension_NN1 and_CC sentencing_NN1 of_IO the_AT offender_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 for_IF many_DA2 people_NN is_VBZ even_RR worse_JJR than_CSN the_AT original_JJ crime_NN1 ._. 
'_" Not_XX only_RR are_VBR victims_NN2 denied_VVD immediate_JJ help_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR subsequently_RR kept_VVN in_II the_AT dark_NN1 by_II the_AT police_NN2 and_CC courts_NN2 about_II what_DDQ is_VBZ going_VVG on_RP ._. 
Unless_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR called_VVN as_CSA witnesses_NN2 ,_, victims_NN2 are_VBR often_RR not_XX told_VVN when_CS a_AT1 case_NN1 is_VBZ coming_VVG to_II court_NN1 ._. 
'_" There_EX are_VBR tons_NNU2 of_IO leaflets_NN2 for_IF offenders_NN2 ,_, but_CCB nothing_PN1 for_IF the_AT witness_NN1 or_CC the_AT ordinary_JJ member_NN1 of_IO the_AT public_NN1 ,_, '_" says_VVZ Ms_NNB Reeves_NP1 ._. 
A_AT1 former_DA probation_NN1 officer_NN1 ,_, she_PPHS1 blames_VVZ the_AT way_NN1 professionals_NN2 are_VBR trained_VVN to_TO see_VVI the_AT criminal_NN1 as_II the_AT main_JJ concern_NN1 ,_, with_IW justice_NN1 for_IF the_AT victim_NN1 if_CS thought_VVN about_II at_RR21 all_RR22 regarded_VVN as_II an_AT1 optional_JJ extra_JJ ._. 
So_RR victims_NN2 feel_VV0 isolated_JJ and_CC ignored_VVD and_CC find_VV0 it_PPH1 difficult_JJ to_TO talk_VVI about_II their_APPGE experiences_NN2 ._. 
Their_APPGE reactions_NN2 can_VM range_VVI from_II anger_NN1 to_II irrational_JJ guilt_NN1 ,_, fear_NN1 and_CC embarrassment_NN1 ._. 
Their_APPGE families_NN2 and_CC friends_NN2 seldom_RR know_VV0 how_RRQ to_TO respond_VVI ._. 
'_GE People_NN tend_VV0 to_TO ask_VVI how_RGQ much_RR they_PPHS2 lost_VVD and_CC whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR insured_VVN ._. 
But_CCB it_PPH1 does_VDZ n't_XX seem_VVI to_TO be_VBI an_AT1 acceptable_JJ idea_NN1 that_CST something_PN1 like_II burglary_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 street_NN1 crime_NN1 can_VM cause_VVI quite_RG severe_JJ emotional_JJ disturbance_NN1 ._. 
'_GE The_AT worse_JJR the_AT violence_NN1 ,_, the_AT less_DAR people_NN want_VV0 to_TO talk_VVI about_II it_PPH1 ._. 
Families_NN2 where_CS there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 murder_NN1 find_VV0 that_CST people_NN are_VBR more_RGR reluctant_JJ to_TO talk_VVI to_II them_PPHO2 than_CSN if_CS they_PPHS2 had_VHD suffered_VVN an_AT1 ordinary_JJ bereavement_NN1 sometimes_RT even_RR crossing_VVG the_AT street_NN1 to_TO avoid_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 
Victim_NN1 Support_NN1 's_VBZ trained_VVN volunteers_NN2 offer_VV0 an_AT1 immediate_JJ response_NN1 when_RRQ people_NN are_VBR still_RR in_II a_AT1 state_NN1 of_IO shock_NN1 ,_, giving_VVG encouragement_NN1 ,_, support_NN1 and_CC information_NN1 ._. 
The_AT organisation_NN1 's_GE original_JJ intention_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO refer_VVI victims_NN2 to_II another_DD1 professional_JJ agency_NN1 like_II social_JJ services_NN2 ,_, but_CCB that_DD1 has_VHZ proved_VVN impossible_JJ ._. 
Ms_NNB Reeves_NP1 explains_VVZ :_: '_" With_IW each_DD1 of_IO the_AT really_RR serious_JJ cases_NN2 rape_VV0 ,_, murder_NN1 ,_, racial_JJ harassment_NN1 there_RL simply_RR is_VBZ n't_XX anyone_PN1 to_TO refer_VVI people_NN on_II21 to_II22 ._. 
So_RR we_PPIS2 've_VH0 had_VHN to_TO do_VDI a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO work_VV0 ourselves_PPX2 ,_, including_II researching_VVG carefully_RR that_CST we_PPIS2 are_VBR doing_VDG something_PN1 worthwhile_JJ ._. 
'_" This_DD1 research_NN1 influences_VVZ the_AT way_NN1 volunteers_NN2 work_VV0 with_IW victims_NN2 but_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR passed_VVN on_RP by_II Victim_NN1 Support_NN1 to_II other_JJ organisations_NN2 that_CST might_VM find_VVI it_PPH1 useful_JJ :_: it_PPH1 provides_VVZ an_AT1 input_NN1 into_II every_AT1 police_NN2 training_NN1 course_NN1 in_II Britain_NP1 ,_, and_CC that_DD1 has_VHZ led_VVN to_II a_AT1 potential_JJ new_JJ area_NN1 of_IO work_NN1 ._. 
Former_DA police_NN2 officers_NN2 now_RT doing_VDG security_NN1 jobs_NN2 in_II shops_NN2 ,_, banks_NN2 and_CC offices_NN2 have_VH0 begun_VVN to_TO ask_VVI Victim_NN1 Support_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI help_NN1 for_IF employees_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 become_VVN victims_NN2 of_IO crime_NN1 through_II robberies_NN2 or_CC other_JJ incidents_NN2 at_II the_AT workplace_NN1 ._. 
Next_MD year_NNT1 ,_, Victim_NN1 Support_NN1 will_VM be_VBI publishing_VVG reports_NN2 on_II projects_NN2 covering_VVG child_NN1 victims_NN2 of_IO crime_NN1 ,_, families_NN2 of_IO murder_NN1 victims_NN2 ,_, racial_JJ harassment_NN1 and_CC high_JJ crime_NN1 areas_NN2 ._. 
In_II January_NPM1 ,_, it_PPH1 will_VM launch_VVI a_AT1 new_JJ court_NN1 service_NN1 ,_, based_VVN on_II seven_MC Crown_NN1 courts_NN2 in_II England_NP1 ,_, designed_VVN to_TO establish_VVI the_AT needs_NN2 of_IO victims_NN2 and_CC witnesses_NN2 attending_VVG court_NN1 ._. 
The_AT organisation_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR considering_VVG how_RRQ it_PPH1 should_VM respond_VVI to_II increasing_JJ requests_NN2 for_IF help_NN1 with_IW victims_NN2 of_IO domestic_JJ violence_NN1 ._. 
'_" One_MC1 of_IO the_AT biggest_JJT jobs_NN2 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 got_VVN to_TO do_VDI is_VBZ to_TO pass_VVI on_RP what_DDQ we_PPIS2 have_VH0 learned_VVN to_II the_AT professions_NN2 ,_, '_" says_VVZ Ms_NNB Reeves_NP1 ._. 
'_" That_CST certainly_RR means_VVZ lawyers_NN2 ,_, judges_NN2 and_CC magistrates_NN2 ,_, but_CCB also_RR doctors_NN2 and_CC nurses_NN2 ,_, employers_NN2 and_CC school_NN1 teachers_NN2 ._. 
I_PPIS1 do_VD0 n't_XX see_VVI the_AT support_NN1 of_IO victims_NN2 of_IO crime_NN1 as_II a_AT1 separate_JJ service_NN1 provided_VVN by_II a_AT1 small_JJ specialist_NN1 agency_NN1 but_CCB as_CSA something_PN1 which_DDQ should_VM be_VBI much_RR more_RGR widely_RR accepted_VVN like_II sickness_NN1 or_CC bereavement_NN1 ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 people_NN can_VM get_VVI a_AT1 more_RGR sensitive_JJ and_CC understanding_NN1 response_NN1 from_II their_APPGE employers_NN2 ,_, neighbours_NN2 ,_, doctors_NN2 and_RR31 so_RR32 on_RR33 ._. 
'_GE Law_NN1 :_: Always_RR take_VV0 along_RP a_AT1 friend_NN1 to_TO sue_VVI :_: Litigation_NN1 can_VM pay_VVI off_RP even_RR in_II the_AT unlikeliest_JJT circumstances_NN2 ._. 
Stephen_NP1 Gold_NN1 explains_VVZ By_II STEPHEN_NP1 GOLD_NN1 WHEN_RRQ things_NN2 go_VV0 wrong_RR you_PPY can_VM sue_VVI more_RGR often_RR than_CSN you_PPY may_VM think_VVI ._. 
Money_NN1 may_VM not_XX have_VHI changed_VVN hands_NN2 ._. 
Someone_PN1 may_VM have_VHI even_RR done_VDN you_PPY a_AT1 favour_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 does_VDZ n't_XX matter_VVI ._. 
As_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 you_PPY can_VM show_VVI that_CST they_PPHS2 owed_VVD you_PPY a_AT1 legal_JJ duty_NN1 to_TO be_VBI careful_JJ and_CC have_VH0 been_VBN negligent_JJ ,_, damages_NN2 could_VM come_VVI your_APPGE way_NN1 ._. 
There_EX are_VBR a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO points_NN2 to_TO bear_VVI in_II mind_NN1 ._. 
Take_VV0 up_RP references_NN2 before_II giving_VVG credit_NN1 ,_, lending_VVG money_NN1 ,_, letting_VVG in_II tenants_NN2 ,_, taking_VVG on_RP staff_NN ._. 
Ask_VV0 banks_NN2 ,_, building_NN1 societies_NN2 ,_, former_DA landlords_NN2 ,_, present_JJ and_CC past_JJ employers_NN2 ._. 
If_CS you_PPY rely_VV0 to_II your_APPGE detriment_NN1 on_II a_AT1 misleading_JJ reference_NN1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ given_VVN negligently_RR ,_, you_PPY should_VM be_VBI able_JK to_TO sue_VVI the_AT referee_NN1 ._. 
The_AT subject_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 bad_JJ reference_NN1 can_VM sue_VVI the_AT referee_NN1 for_IF libel_NN1 but_CCB has_VHZ to_TO show_VVI the_AT referee_NN1 was_VBDZ up_II21 to_II22 no_AT good_JJ :_: spite_NN1 ,_, ill-will_JJ or_CC some_DD improper_JJ motive_NN1 will_VM do_VDI ._. 
Take_VV0 along_RP a_AT1 prosperous_JJ adviser_NN1 on_II all_DB shopping_NN1 sprees_NN2 ,_, demonstrate_VV0 a_AT1 high_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO trust_NN1 and_CC strong_JJ reliance_NN1 in_II what_DDQ they_PPHS2 say_VV0 and_CC you_PPY may_VM have_VHI unexpected_JJ protection_NN1 should_VM the_AT seller_NN1 go_VVI out_II21 of_II22 business_NN1 and_CC the_AT goods_NN2 fall_VV0 to_II pieces_NN2 ._. 
A_AT1 26-year-old_JJ woman_NN1 accountant_NN1 who_PNQS knew_VVD nothing_PN1 about_II the_AT mechanical_JJ side_NN1 of_IO vehicles_NN2 asked_VVD her_PPHO1 more_RGR knowledgeable_JJ friend_NN1 to_TO find_VVI a_AT1 car_NN1 for_IF her_PPHO1 ._. 
She_PPHS1 stipulated_VVD that_CST it_PPH1 must_VM never_RR have_VHI been_VBN involved_JJ in_II an_AT1 accident_NN1 ._. 
The_AT friend_NN1 found_VVD one_PN1 at_II a_AT1 garage_NN1 ._. 
Although_CS he_PPHS1 failed_VVD to_TO check_VVI it_PPH1 had_VHD been_VBN accident-free_JJ ,_, he_PPHS1 assured_VVD the_AT lady_NN1 that_CST this_DD1 was_VBDZ the_AT case_NN1 ._. 
She_PPHS1 bought_VVD it_PPH1 ._. 
It_PPH1 had_VHD been_VBN in_II an_AT1 accident_NN1 and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ worthless_JJ ._. 
In_II May_NPM1 last_MD year_NNT1 the_AT Court_NN1 of_IO Appeal_NN1 upheld_VVN a_AT1 judgment_NN1 against_II the_AT friend_NN1 for_IF more_DAR than_CSN 5,500_MC damages_NN2 for_IF negligence_NN1 because_CS he_PPHS1 had_VHD owed_VVN the_AT accountant_NN1 a_AT1 duty_NN1 of_IO care_NN1 ._. 
Your_APPGE conservatory_NN1 collapses_NN2 as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO negligence_NN1 of_IO the_AT professionals_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR engaged_VVN by_II the_AT previous_JJ owner_NN1 to_TO put_VVI it_PPH1 up_RP ._. 
You_PPY can_VM sue_VVI the_AT professionals_NN2 builders_NN2 ,_, architects_NN2 ,_, surveyors_NN2 or_CC engineers_NN2 by_II courtesy_NN1 of_IO the_AT Defective_JJ Premises_NN2 Act_VV0 1972_MC ,_, despite_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST you_PPY never_RR had_VHN a_AT1 contract_NN1 with_IW them_PPHO2 yourself_PPX1 ._. 
There_EX are_VBR strict_JJ time_NNT1 limits_VVZ :_: generally_RR ,_, six_MC years_NNT2 from_II when_RRQ damage_NN1 first_MD occurred_VVD ;_; where_CS the_AT damage_NN1 was_VBDZ initially_RR '_GE latent_JJ '_" you_PPY are_VBR given_VVN longer_RRR three_MC years_NNT2 from_II when_RRQ you_PPY could_VM have_VHI discovered_VVN it_PPH1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 longstop_NN1 of_IO 15_MC years_NNT2 ._. 
It_PPH1 may_VM also_RR be_VBI possible_JJ to_TO claim_VVI damages_NN2 against_II a_AT1 local_JJ authority_NN1 for_IF negligently_RR failing_VVG to_TO ensure_VVI that_DD1 construction_NN1 work_NN1 complied_VVN with_IW the_AT relevant_JJ building_NN1 regulations_NN2 ._. 
A_AT1 solicitor_NN1 fails_VVZ to_TO draw_VVI up_RP a_AT1 will_NN1 within_II a_AT1 reasonable_JJ time_NNT1 for_IF a_AT1 client_NN1 who_PNQS subsequently_RR dies_VVZ ._. 
You_PPY lose_VV0 the_AT gift_NN1 which_DDQ the_AT will_NN1 would_VM have_VHI made_VVN ._. 
You_PPY can_VM sue_VVI the_AT solicitor_NN1 for_IF what_DDQ you_PPY would_VM have_VHI collected_VVN ,_, had_VHD he_PPHS1 done_VDN his_APPGE job_NN1 properly_RR ,_, because_CS the_AT law_NN1 reckons_VVZ he_PPHS1 owed_VVD you_PPY ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 his_APPGE client_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 duty_NN1 of_IO care_NN1 ._. 
When_CS you_PPY want_VV0 to_TO borrow_VVI on_II a_AT1 mortgage_NN1 ,_, the_AT prospective_JJ lenders_NN2 will_VM have_VHI the_AT property_NN1 valued_VVN at_II your_APPGE expense_NN1 ._. 
There_EX is_VBZ no_AT contract_NN1 between_II you_PPY and_CC the_AT valuer_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB if_CS the_AT valuer_NN1 is_VBZ negligent_JJ and_CC you_PPY buy_VV0 the_AT property_NN1 relying_VVG on_II his_APPGE report_NN1 ,_, you_PPY may_VM still_RR be_VBI able_JK to_TO sue_VVI him_PPHO1 for_IF damages_NN2 ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ what_DDQ the_AT House_NN1 of_IO Lords_NP decided_JJ in_II two_MC cases_NN2 last_MD April_NPM1 in_II31 spite_II32 of_II33 an_AT1 attempt_NN1 to_TO get_VVI the_AT valuers_NN2 off_II the_AT hook_NN1 by_II a_AT1 disclaimer_NN1 which_DDQ said_VVD :_: '_" I_PPIS1 accept_VV0 that_CST the_AT valuer_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX warrant_VVI anything_PN1 stated_VVD in_II his_APPGE report_NN1 as_CSA being_VBG accurate_JJ ..._... 
'_" Alas_UH ,_, disclaimers_NN2 may_VM work_VVI if_CSW ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT property_NN1 being_VBG valued_VVN is_VBZ industrial_JJ or_CC an_AT1 expensive_JJ house_NN1 ._. 
Disclaimers_NN2 may_VM also_RR be_VBI used_VVN by_II referees_NN2 and_CC others_NN2 to_TO rob_VVI you_PPY of_IO a_AT1 claim_NN1 for_IF damages_NN2 ._. 
Whoever_PNQV attempts_VVZ to_TO hide_VVI behind_II a_AT1 disclaimer_NN1 must_VM prove_VVI it_PPH1 is_VBZ fair_JJ and_CC reasonable_JJ to_TO do_VDI so_RR ._. 
But_CCB a_AT1 disclaimer_NN1 can_VM never_RR take_VVI away_RL your_APPGE rights_NN2 under_II the_AT Defective_JJ Premises_NN2 Act_VV0 1972_MC for_IF the_AT collapsing_JJ conservatory_NN1 or_CC prevent_VV0 anyone_PN1 being_VBG sued_VVN for_IF negligence_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ caused_VVN death_NN1 or_CC injury_NN1 ._. 
Have_VH0 we_PPIS2 yet_RR reached_VVN the_AT point_NN1 at_II which_DDQ we_PPIS2 would_VM be_VBI awarded_VVN damages_NN2 against_II the_AT Meteorological_JJ Office_NN1 because_CS we_PPIS2 went_VVD camping_NN1 on_II the_AT day_NNT1 of_IO an_AT1 unforecast_NN1 hurricane_NN1 ?_? 
Or_CC after_CS we_PPIS2 followed_VVD the_AT duff_NN1 advice_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 legal_JJ journalist_NN1 in_II a_AT1 newspaper_NN1 ?_? 
Mercifully_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 doubt_VV0 it_PPH1 !_! 
